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Permit me to stand on all existing protocols as it partains to clinical research, both biomedical, medical, and all forms of medical breakthroughs that has thus brought man into this very era of his struggle with microbes for existence...
over time several papers and topics have been overflogged, some based on mans symbiotic existence with both micro and macro organism... (lecture note of Professor I.N. Ibeh) microbes and man, he arrived at a truce that man cannot exist without microbes and also microbes cannot exits without man... from the minute building blocks of life to the more advanced organism (prokayotic and eukaryotic) there is a continuos advance of their genes, either to adjust to their environment or survival of the fittest ( Mendel and Larmark) they postulated that organism over time produce some certain abilities to survive in environment that might not be favourable to them e.g, microorganism found in areas where there is continous abuse of antibiotics (nosocomial infections) they thus profer forms of survival which is producing genes that leads inadvertently to drug resistance(plasmids) these genes are forms of thier own survival, these genes are genetically transfered,( Molecular kotch postulate) and also there has been intense research on the virulence of these organism which thus lead to studying these loci that predelicts their point of resistance (pathogenicity island and quorum sensing) Dr T.A Alli and Dr Ogbolu both lecturers in the Ladoke Akintola University of Tecnology, flogged and drove this knowledge deep into the young minds of his students to enable then understand the genetic make up of all forms of life.
somuch study has been done on the Pharmakokinetics and Dynamics of both antimicrobial and chemotherapeutic agents which then led to the form of actions of antibiotics or chemotherapeutic agents, thus based them on the site action due to their binding afinity, cell walls (cell membrane) penicillin binding proteins PBP and up to the inhibition of protein synthesis, and DNA synthesis wihich would invariably result in the death, of the oragism, the later leads to the loss of the cell membrane of the organism which would inturn expose the oragism to macrophages and opsonization.
research works of Immunology mans response to himself auto and to external bodies, infections his ability to survive the study of his basic forms of immunity...
now back to the main question on my mind, if there were no research would man be today?
Research is an ongoing process and it is not void of infallibility, today science is outspoken basically due to the interest in research another of mans ability to exist in his/her immediate environment, permit me to deduce that withou research man is unexisting, and grey areas are the bold building blocks of break throughs for tomorrow. i am opportuned to be a Biomedical Scientist whose interest is biased towards Pharmaceuitical microbiology, immunology and malariology.. i began to understand the trends, of research and my mind buggled when  i thought of Sir Louis Pasteur in his Laboratory and incidentally discovers penicillin from Penicillin notatum.
Scientific Discoveries are mad either by mistake or a deliberate push at a determind goal.....
today the question is what is Science?
we are Sciences and Science is you,